Last month, I reviewed Sweller’s cognitive load theory in light of recent updates to the research and its continued relevance in a world dominated by digital learning. This month, I will dig deeper into a single effect of the theory: the worked example. As the learning profession looks for new ways to engage learners in virtual settings, the worked example could be an overlooked tool in our instructional design toolboxes.
Worked Examples Provide Targeted Scaffolding
Worked examples are a subset of scaffolding, an instructional design strategy that provides decreasing support as learners gain experience with a content area. Scaffolding is useful when the content or behavior is complex and requires many integrated concepts or steps that must be applied together to achieve a goal.You probably experienced scaffolding when you learned how to ride a bike. At first, you started with training wheels to get the feel for the activity. After a while the training wheels came off, but someone ran beside you to ensure you didn’t fall and corrected your balance if you started to lean too far to one side. Finally, you were on your own. This type of scaffolding works well for activities based on specific physical actions, such as athletics, music, construction, and technology. It works where there is a significant hands-on component to what is being taught.
But many jobs require people to learn mental processes. That’s where worked examples come in. A worked example is a step-by-step demonstration of how to complete a task or solve a problem, with explanations of each stage or step, referencing a single instance to teach the general principles involved. While Sweller’s original research focused on students solving math problems, this approach lends itself to many applications for adult learners, such as:
- Process training
- Systems training
- Project management
- Security and compliance
- Contract management
- Purchasing
Benefits
The benefits of the worked example are many:- Reduced cognitive load. By keeping the focus only on one step at a time, the learner has less new content to absorb at each step.
- Reduced stress. Learners feel overwhelmed when they are presented with too many variables at once.
- Increased confidence. While an unsolved problem might be intimidating, knowing that they are reviewing a problem that has already been solved gives learners a feeling of confidence in their ability to understand the process by understanding each step along the way.
Worked Examples Are Not Scenarios or Case Studies
Worked examples are different from case studies or practice scenarios due to the high degree of scaffolding provided. While case studies and scenarios challenge the learner to find the right path forward, worked examples leave no guesswork. The correct path is spelled out for them.Worked Examples Are Most Appropriate for Novice Learners
As Sweller stated in his earlier work, novices respond well to worked examples because they get the most benefit from the advantages of this approach. For a more experienced learner, the worked example may slow them down, forcing them to follow step-by-step when they would learn more by applying the same content to multiple open-ended situations. These learners react negatively to worked examples, as their perceived extraneous cognitive load increases with the distraction of seeing basic steps that they have already mastered.The differences between the needs of novices and experienced learners are well-established in educational psychology. We recently saw this understanding reconfirmed when brain waves of novice and experienced learners were shown to be distinctly different when working on the same problem. As with all great instructional design, understanding the needs of your learning audience is critical to developing a successful design.
Worked Examples Must Be Highly Relevant
The danger of focusing attention on a single solution to a problem is that it must be the right solution in those circumstances and should have broad enough application to be relevant across a wide range of potential real-world situations that the learner will encounter. If your worked examples illustrate exceptional solutions, your learners will draw the wrong conclusions for applying the information in their everyday processes. The best way to avoid this risk is to work closely with subject matter experts, who can help you achieve that “real-world” relevance.Typically, Learners Will Need Multiple Worked Examples
Even when highly relevant, a single demonstration may not provide all the nuances that learners experience to master the process being illustrated, so be sure to work with your subject matter experts to develop several illustrations of various conditions likely to occur.Combine Worked Examples With Other Learning Experiences to Maximize Learning
The worked example is a powerful tool when provided at the right time in a learner’s journey. However, even when delivered to novices, it is usually more effective in combination with other instructional design approaches. Consider where worked examples might fit in your scaffolding plan, for example. If the worked example corresponds to the training wheels, what else will learners need once those wheels have been removed? The next step on their learning journey might be a more open-ended case study, for example, or practice examples where the answers are only provided as feedback once the learner has attempted to provide their own solution.Incorporate Reflection to Deepen Learning Insights
Worked examples are terrific for teaching repetitive, process-based procedures where you need people to follow specific steps. When combined with reflective questions, following these examples can also help learners uncover the why behind the solutions so they can form a deeper understanding of the purpose behind each step.Consider Using Incorrect Examples as the Next Step
Once learners begin to advance beyond the novice stage, you can use the worked example by showing an incorrect solution and asking the learner to identify where the example goes wrong. This approach encourages a wider application of basic concepts and builds analytical skills.The worked example has been around for a long time, but you may have neglected to include it in your instructional designs. It can be a useful addition to your training programs for novices in many subjects.
