Simulations can increase learner involvement and engagement, which are both good things in any learning environment. However, it is rather difficult to find anything beyond superficial descriptions of what simulations are and how they might be implemented. It is as if all simulations are created equal. In this session, we'll consider what we know of human learning and cognition and explore specific instructional benefits of simulations. Then, based on that understanding, we'll outline five specific design requirements to ensure that educational simulations are not only engaging but also effective in creating lasting performance change.