According to a study by the Institute for Corporate Productivity (i4cp), more than half (56 percent) of organizations have no formal method of governing their data. (This doesn't include data-security policies, which 97 percent of organizations have; "data governance" pertains to the handling of data—managing it, improving its quality, and using it to make business decisions.) The report suggests the possibility that survey respondents were simply unaware of the data governance policies at their organizations, but "even this lack of knowledge of policies is troubling."